Assessing Urban Health Resilience through Infrastructure Disparities: A Spatial Analysis of Five Subdistricts in Makassar City, Indonesia
Keywords:
Urban health resilience, Infrastructure inequality, Spatial analysis, Public service access, Makassar City , Housing vulnerabilityAbstract
This study assessed the spatial disparities of basic urban infrastructure and their implications for public health resilience in five subdistricts of Makassar City. The research constructed an Urban Health Resilience Index using five variables: access to clean water, sanitation coverage, housing quality, population pressure, and proximity to healthcare services. All variables were normalized using a min–max rescaling method and equally weighted. The findings showed that Panakkukang had the highest resilience score, while Manggala scored the lowest, reflecting significant spatial inequality in infrastructure provision. Simulated survey data supported these results, revealing that areas with higher population density and tenure insecurity tended to have weaker access to health facilities and basic services. Correlation analysis also indicated a positive association between population stress and distance to healthcare access. The study concluded that resilient infrastructure planning should be spatially targeted, particularly in peri-urban and densely populated subdistricts, to improve equity and public health outcomes..
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